Nanosponges: As a Dynamic Drug Delivery Approach for Targeted Delivery

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in improved medicine delivery to the target site. Nanosponges are three-dimensional drug delivery systems that are nanoscale in size and created by cross-linking polymers. The introduction of Nanosponges has been a significant step toward overcoming issues such as drug toxicity, low bioavailability, and predictable medication release. Using a new way of nanotechnology, nanosponges, which are porous with small sponges (below one microm) flowing throughout the body, have demonstrated excellent results in delivering drugs. As a result, they reach the target place, attach to the skin's surface, and slowly release the medicine. Nanosponges can be used to encapsulate a wide range of medicines, including both hydrophilic and lipophilic pharmaceuticals. The medication delivery method using nanosponges is one of the most promising fields in pharmacy. It can be used as a biocatalyst carrier for vaccines, antibodies, enzymes, and proteins to be released. The existing study enlightens on the preparation method, evaluation, and prospective application in a medication delivery system and also focuses on patents filed in the field of nanosponges.Copyright © 2023 The Authors.

Spectrum of Biochemical Alterations in Patients with Covid-19

Background and objective: Millions of people worldwide have died from COVID-19, which has caused the failure of the lungs and other organs. The research assessed biochemical anomalies in COVID-19 patients to comprehend the illness and its effect better. Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal cohort analysis Place of study: ABWA Medical College Faisalabad Methods: A total of 150 adult patients (n=150) who tested positive for COVID-19 via RT-PCR were included in the study. A Roche Diagnostics Cobas C501 used spectrophotometry to measure calcium, magnesium, phosphate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, creatinine, ferritin, and chloride in the blood. A NOVA electrolytic analyzer used Ion-selective electrodes to measure sodium, chloride, potassium, and bicarbonate. Result(s): In the study, 33.6% of patients had elevated urea levels, and 22.4% had elevated creatinine levels. Furthermore, 88.8% of patients had elevated ferritin levels, and 93.5% had elevated LDH levels. After 44 weeks, there was a drop in sodium-containing electrolytes, with 9% of patients experiencing a decrease in sodium, 22.4% in potassium, 53.3% in bicarbonate, 48.6% in calcium, and 23.4% in phosphorus. These changes in electrolyte levels suggest a long-term trend in electrolyte depletion among the patient population. There was no significant difference in biochemical anomalies between age groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion(s): These results suggest that COVID-19 patients have lung illness and multi-organ involvement, which should be considered when managing these patients. These biochemical alterations warrant careful monitoring for organ failure by healthcare practitioners. More study is required to comprehend the processes causing these biochemical anomalies in COVID-19 patients.Copyright © 2023 Lahore Medical And Dental College. All rights reserved.

Sustainable Stability-Indicating spectra manipulations for the concurrent quantification of a novel Anti-COVID-19 drug and its active Metabolite: Green profile assessment.

Millions of individuals have lost their lives and changed their routines as a direct consequence of exposure to the coronavirus (Covid-19). Molnupiravir (MOL) is an orally bioavailable tiny molecule antiviral prodrug that is effective for curing the coronavirus that produces serious acute respiratory disorder (SARS-CoV-2). Fully green-assessed stability-indicating simple spectrophotometric methods have been developed and fully validated as per ICH criteria. The potential impact of degradation products of drug components on the safety and efficacy of a medication's shelf life is likely to be negligible. The field of pharmaceutical analysis necessitates various stability testing under different conditions. The conduct of such inquiries affords the prospect of predicting the most probable routes of degradation and ascertaining the inherent stability characteristics of the active drugs. Consequently, a surge in demand arose for the creation of an analytical methodology that could consistently measure the degradation products and/or impurities that may be present in pharmaceuticals. Herein, five smart and simple spectrophotometric data manipulation techniques have been produced for the concurrent estimation of MOL and its active metabolite as its possible acid degradation product namely; N-hydroxycytidine (NHC). Structure confirmation of NHC build-up through IR, MS and NMR analyses. All current techniques verified linearity ranging from 10 to 150 µg/ml and 10-60 µg/ml for MOL and NHC, respectively. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) values were in the range of 4.21-9.59 µg/ml, while the limit of detection (LOD) values were ranging from 1.38 - 3.16 µg/ml. The current methods were evaluated in terms of greenness by four assessing methods and confirmed to be green. The significant novelty of these methods depends on their being the first environmentally soundness stability-indicating spectrophotometric approaches for the concurrent estimation of MOL and its active metabolite, NHC. Also, the preparation of purified NHC delivers significant cost savings, instead of purchasing an expensive ingredient. These smart methods were utilized for analyzing the pharmaceutical dosage form which may be of great benefit to the pharmaceutical market.

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION DISINFECTION FOR SARS-COV-2

COVID-19 pandemic affected the entire globe and resulted in millions of deaths. Besides human-to-human respiratory droplets transmission, contact with aerosol-infected surfaces is an important way of transmitting this virus. The virus can be detected on many surfaces for a long time, in aerosols for at least 3 hours, and on plastic surfaces for up to 72 hours. Hence, it is crucial to determine how to disinfect the environment. Several biocidal agents have been used to clean the environment. Apart from biocidal agents, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation had also been used for environmental disinfection. However, there are several UV sources and systems with different wavelengths were used for disinfection and there was a wide range of effectiveness in disinfection with different modules. Thus, it was necessary to comprehensively review the current understanding of UV light used in disinfection to advise regarding UV light for environmental disinfection. Using the keywords COVID-19, UV light, and disinfection from 2020 to 2022, we searched various databases for articles online. We found various devices that had been studied for disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 with UV, such as monochromatic UV-C lamps, UV-LED light, broad- spectrum UV light devices, and excimer lamps. As a monochromatic UV source, different types of lamps were reported to have an excellent effect on disinfection, with the most common wavelength used for disinfection being 254 nm. As a broad-spectrum wavelength light, which is from 200 to 280 nm, one- minute exposure is enough to cause a 3 log10 reduction of viral load, which means 99.97% in disinfection. UV light are effective in coronavirus disinfection. Compared with the chemical agent, it is more environmentally friendly. To apply the UV light to environmental disinfection, five minutes is enough to reach 99.99% disinfection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, for broad-spectrum wavelength light placed within one meter from the target surface. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of International Journal of Infectious Diseases is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Antiviral Activity of Interferon Alpha-2b and Taurine Combination Against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.

Interferons (IFN) have antiviral activity against many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. A combination of IFN-a2b and the antioxidant taurine is widely used in the Russian Federation, and its antiviral activity has not been studied before. The aim of this study was to determine the antiviral activity of interferon drugs, in combination with taurine and without it. The study included cytotoxicity and antiviral activity assays of IFN-a2b preparations, when stored according to the instructions at 2-8degreeC, and after 1 month storage at the temperature of 20-26degreeC in a pre-opened state. The combination of IFN alpha-2b with taurine has a higher antiviral activity compared to IFN alpha-2b mono-preparation by more than 25% at a <<low>> and 85% at a <<high>> multiplicity of infection. Selectivity index for combinations of IFN-a2b (50,000 IU/dose) + taurine (1 mg/ml) and IFN-a2b (10,000 IU/ml) + taurine (0.8 mg/ml) was more than 600 units, whereas for the IFN-a2b (10,000 IU/ml) it was 200 units. Antiviral activity does not change after one month at room temperature. The combination of interferon with taurine at high concentrations was less toxic than interferon. The results obtained demonstrate practicability of interferon alpha-2b and taurine combination use for treatment and prevention of COVID-19.Copyright © Team of Authors, 2022.

Electrochemical Sensing Platform Based on Renewable Carbon Modified with Antimony Nanoparticles for Methylparaben Detection in Personal Care Products

This paper describes for the first time the surface modification of glassy carbon (GC) electrodes with bamboo-based renewable carbon (RC) and antimony nanoparticles (SbNPs) for the determination of methylparaben (MePa) in personal care products (PCPs). The synthesized RC-SbNP material was successfully characterized by scanning electron microcopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The proposed sensor was applied in the detection of MePa using the optimized parameters by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The analytical range for detection of MePa was 0.2 to 9.0 µmol L−1, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.05 µmol L−1 and 0.16 µmol L−1, respectively. The determination of MePa in real PCP samples was performed using the proposed GC/RC-SbNP sensor by DPV and UV-vis spectrophotometry as comparative methodology. The use of RC-SbNP material for the development of electrochemical sensors brings a fresh approach to low-cost devices for MePa analysis.

A Comparison of Materials for Dry Surface Cleaning Soot-Coated Papers of Varying Roughness: Assessing Efficacy, Physical Surface Changes, and Residue

To provide detailed information to aid conservators faced with soot removal, a survey comparing the removal of lamp black pigment, serving as a model soot, from three sample papers of differing roughness is presented. The efficacy of ten different dry surface cleaning materials—including sponges, firm and kneaded erasers, eraser crumbs, a cleaning putty, a solvent-free polydimethylsiloxane elastomer, and a dry swab—have been assessed using a handheld color spectrophotometer and image analysis of photomicrographs. Inspection of the cleaned substrates with a portable optical microscope revealed detailed information into how physical properties of cleaning materials influence the location of residual soot on the surface. 3D digital light microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to assess physical changes to the paper surface and to identify potential residues from the materials after cleaning, respectively. The results of this model study were compared with spot cleaning tests performed on a fire-damaged paper book cover. Limited access to laboratory spaces during Covid-19 lockdown motivated this research to focus on affordable ways to perform hands-on technical research outside of the laboratory, details of which are noted throughout this paper. © American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 2023.

Interaction of GC376, a SARS-COV-2 MPRO inhibitor, with model lipid membranes

Partitioning and effect of antiviral GC376, a potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor, on model lipid membranes was studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV–VIS spectrometry, Excimer fluorescence, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Small- and Wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS). Partition coefficient of GC376 between lipid and water phase was found to be low, reaching KP = 46.8 ± 18.2. Results suggest that GC376 partitions into lipid bilayers at the level of lipid head-groups, close to the polar/hydrophobic interface. Changes in structural and thermodynamic properties strongly depend on the GC376/lipid mole ratio. Already at lowest mole ratios GC376 induces increase of lateral pressures, mainly in the interfacial region of the bilayer. Hereby, the pre- and main-transition temperature of the lipid system increases, what is attributed to tighter packing of acyl chains induced by GC376. At GC376/DPPC ≥ 0.03 mol/mol we detected formation of domains with different GC376 content resulting in the lateral phase separation and changes in both, main transition temperature and enthalpy. The observed changes are attributed to the response of the system on the increased lateral stresses induced by partitioning of GC376. Obtained results are discussed in context of liposome-based drug delivery systems for GC376 and in context of indirect mechanism of virus replication inhibition.

Antiviral Activity of Interferon Alpha-2b and Taurine Combination Against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro

Interferons (IFN) have antiviral activity against many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. A combination of IFN-a2b and the antioxidant taurine is widely used in the Russian Federation, and its antiviral activity has not been studied before. The aim of this study was to determine the antiviral activity of interferon drugs, in combination with taurine and without it. The study included cytotoxicity and antiviral activity assays of IFN-a2b preparations, when stored according to the instructions at 2-8°C, and after 1 month storage at the temperature of 20-26°C in a pre-opened state. The combination of IFN alpha-2b with taurine has a higher antiviral activity compared to IFN alpha-2b mono-preparation by more than 25% at a «low» and 85% at a «high» multiplicity of infection. Selectivity index for combinations of IFN-a2b (50,000 IU/dose) + taurine (1 mg/ml) and IFN-a2b (10,000 IU/ml) + taurine (0.8 mg/ml) was more than 600 units, whereas for the IFN-a2b (10,000 IU/ml) it was 200 units. Antiviral activity does not change after one month at room temperature. The combination of interferon with taurine at high concentrations was less toxic than interferon. The results obtained demonstrate practicability of interferon alpha-2b and taurine combination use for treatment and prevention of COVID-19.

Identification Of Semi-Solid Liquids Using Photodiode And RGB Sensor With Spectrophotometric Neural Network (S-NN) Method

Droplet or human saliva is a semi-solid liquid that Covid-19 can catch on its patch media. It is also one of the causes of the fastest spread of Covid-19, resulting in a pandemic nowadays. So in this preliminary study, we created a tool that uses spectrophotometry to identify semi-solid liquids, including saliva, yogurt, and yeast water. The non-monochromatic spectrophotometric output will be classified using the neural network (NN) method. NN identifies the type of liquid by calculating the weight of each absorption wavelength of each semi-solid liquid sample from a non-monochromatic spectrophotometer. This initial research reveals several types of wavelength spectrum that can be recognized by Photodiode and RGB sensors through non-monochrome spectrophotometric methods. From the test results, saliva samples on glass media have a very high error rate of 99.9098%. For the overall average of saliva samples in all media, the accuracy is 89.1036%, and the error is 10.8964%. For the yogurt sample, the accuracy is 99.3075%, and the error is 0.6925%. The accuracy of the media without liquid is 78.8809%, and the error is 21.1191%. Based on the results, we found that the device can work properly as its aims. © 2022 IEEE.

Eco-friendly spectrophotometric methods for determination of remdesivir and favipiravir; the recently approved antivirals for COVID-19 treatment.

Remdesivir (REM) and Favipiravir (FAV) are recently approved antivirals prescribed in severely ill COVID-19 patients. Therefore, development of new, simple, rapid, sensitive, and selective methods for analysis of such drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations will be highly advantageous. Herein, we have developed different spectrophotometric methods for analysis of the studied analytes. Method I is based on direct spectrophotometric analysis of REM and FAV in ethanol at λmax 244 and 323 nm, respectively. For simultaneous quantitation of REM and FAV, methods II-V were followed. Method II is based on derivative spectrophotometry in which REM was determined in second-order derivative spectra at 248 nm (the zero-crossing wavelength for FAV), while FAV was measured in first-order derivative spectra at 337 nm (the zero-crossing point for REM). Method III is the dual-wavelength method in which spectral intensities were subtracted at 244-207 nm for REM and at 330-400 nm for FAV. Method IV is the ratio subtraction in which ratio spectra were obtained by a suitable divisor followed by subtraction of intensities at 272-340 nm and 335-222 nm for REM and FAV, respectively. Method V is the derivative ratio method in which the obtained ratio spectra in method IV were converted to first-order derivative and then REM and FAV were recorded at 280 and 340 nm, respectively. Calibration graphs were linear in the ranges of 1-10 µg/mL for REM through all methods and 1-20 µg/mL for FAV in methods I and II, and 2-20 µg/mL by the other methods. The evolved methods were applied to pharmaceutical dosage forms of REM and FAV. All the proposed methods were further applied to human plasma samples containing both drugs with acceptable mean recoveries.

Protective Action of Phosphorus 6CH in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induced Pathogenecity in Gallus-gallus Embryo

Introduction: In the search of effective medicines against Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) besides the conventional mode of treatment many medicines belonging to alternative therapeutics claimed to be effective in this disease. In homeopathy-a branch of alternative medicine some medicines are claimed to be effective in COVID-19 after human trials. Aim: To study whether ultradiluted preparation of Phosphorus 6CH (centesimal (C) dilutions, using Hanhemann's (H) dilution method) can protect damaging action of Delta Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) in Gallus gallus embryo in relation to their gross appearances, histopathological changes and cytokine changes. Materials and Methods: An in-vivo fertilized chick embryo model experimental analysis was carried out at the Genetic Research Laboratory of Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The whole experimental study was done in a time period of November 2021 to January 2022 and the data collected were analysed using statistical software Minitab. About 14 days old Gallus gallus embryonated eggs were inoculated with the antigen along with the vehicle alcohol controls. The Phosphorus 6CH was used to see whether it can prevent or cure the damaging action of the spike protein in the embryo in different experimental sets. results: The notable finding in this experiment is the remarkable elevated expression of Interleukin (IL)-10 gene in the curative, preventive sets as well as in the medicine control sets in comparison to antigen and alcohol control sets. In case of Transforming Growth Factor, (TGF) β1 there was enhanced expression of TGF β1 gene in the alcohol 6C set and antigen set which gets ameliorated with Phosphorus 6CH. The morbid anatomy of the embryo and the histopathological picture of the liver of the embryo also reflected similar findings in these two experimental sets. After statistical analysis it was found that there was significant correlation in between Interferon (IF) γ and IL-10 in these experimental results which appears very important. conclusion: The homeopathic medicine phosphorus 6CH is capable of maintaining cytokine balance in Delta SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD induced pathogenecity in Gallus gallus embryo.

Adsorption of Methylene Blue on the Surface of Polymer Membrane; Dependence on the Isotopic Composition of Liquid Matrix.

As was found in our previous works, when Nafion swells in water, polymer fibers unwind into the bulk of the surrounding liquid. This effect is controlled by the content of deuterium in water. Here, we present the results of studying the dynamics of methylene blue (MB) adsorption on the Nafion surface for MB solutions based on natural water (deuterium content is 157 ppm, the unwinding effect occurs) and based on deuterium-depleted water (DDW; deuterium content is 3 ppm, there is no unwinding). In addition, we studied the dynamics of water desorption during drying of the Nafion polymer membrane after soaking in MB solution based on natural water and DDW. It turned out that in the case of natural water, the rate of MB adsorption and water desorption is higher than in the case of DDW. It also turned out that the amount of MB adsorbed on the membrane in the case of natural water is greater than in the case of DDW. Finally, it was found that the desorption of water during drying is accompanied by a rearrangement of the absorption spectrum of Nafion. This rearrangement occurs earlier in the case of DDW. Thus, by infinitesimal changes in the deuterium content (from 3 to 157 ppm) in an aqueous solution, in which a polymer membrane swells, we can control the dynamics of adsorption and desorption processes. A qualitative model, which connects the observed effects with the slowing down of diffusion processes inside the layer of unwound fibers, is proposed.

EFFICIENCY OF A NEBULIZER FILTER KIT TO PREVENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION DURING NEBULIZER THERAPY

SESSION TITLE: Respiratory Care: Oxygen, Rehabilitation, and Inhalers SESSION TYPE: Original Investigation Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 01:30 pm - 02:30 pm PURPOSE: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the need to avoid environmental contamination with aerosols. To aid in this, the addition of a filter kit is intended to capture any exhaled aerosol. To determine the aerosol amounts emitted to the environment during nebulizer therapy several nebulizers were evaluated to test the efficiency of the nebulizer filter system. METHODS: The MaxiNeb® Duo, Circulaire® II and AeroEclipse® II BAN™ Nebulizer were operated at 50PSIG with their optional filter kits (n=5). Each device was evaluated with 2.5mg/3.0mL fill of albuterol and connected to a simulator mimicking adult tidal breathing. In addition to inspiratory and expiratory filters, the nebulizer was placed under an extraction system to capture any aerosol emitted through leakages or exhalation. Albuterol assay was undertaken by HPLC-UV spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The mass of albuterol captured from the extraction system with the MaxiNeb® Duo, Circulaire® II and AeroEclipse® II BAN™ Nebulizer was found to be 0.5±0.2, 1.5±0.6 and 0.0±0.0% of the initial dose respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The BAN™ Nebulizer without filter kit has previously reported environmental losses of just under 3%ꝉ so it is in keeping that the addition of the filter kit eliminated all losses for this device. The other two nebulizers emitted small amounts of aerosol even when a filter kit was used. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: If the laboratory results for the nebulizer / filter systems which did not eliminate all environmental emissions were replicated in a clinical setting, there would likely need to be an assessment performed into the potential risk to staff and patients. ꝉ Efficiency of a Nebulizer Filter Kit to Prevent Environmental Contamination During Nebulizer Therapy – presented at European Respiratory Society Meeting 2021 DISCLOSURES: Employee relationship with Trudell Medical International Please note: 27 years by Mark Nagel, value=Salary Employee relationship with Trudell Medical International Please note: >$100000 by Jason Suggett, value=Salary

Eco-friendly resolution of spectrally overlapping signals of a combined triple-action over-the-counter pharmaceutical formulation for symptomatic management of COVID-19 pandemic: application to content uniformity testing.

Currently, all researchers are concentrating their efforts on countering the COVID-19 pandemic. The majority of patients are managed at home, according to recent statistics. An OTC triple action combination comprising paracetamol (PAR), aspirin (ASP), and diphenhydramine (DIPH) is commonly given for pain relief, fever control, and as a night-time sleep aid. This combination is currently recommended for COVID-19 patients as part of symptomatic treatment and management. In this work, three smart, simple, accurate, eco-friendly, and cost-effective spectrophotometric methods are developed for simultaneous determination of PAR, ASP, and DIPH in their combined over-the-counter caplet dosage form without any prior separation steps. The first method is the first derivative spectrophotometry (D1) which determined PAR at 259.7 nm. The second one is the dual-wavelength in ratio spectra (DWRS) for determination of ASP at 214.1 and 220.1 nm after using 10.0 µg/mL of PAR as a divisor, where PAR was a constant, and the wavelengths difference equal to zero for DIPH. The third method is the double divisor-ratio difference spectrophotometric one (DD-RD) which was based on using the sum of 15.0 µg/mL of each of PAR and ASP as a double divisor, and the difference in amplitudes was measured at two wavelengths ∆P(214.5-226.0) for determination of DIPH. The developed methods have been validated as per ICH guidelines. Furthermore, the three suggested methods were employed successfully to assay marketed pharmaceutical formulation and to investigate the content uniformity of the dosage units in accordance with the United States Pharmacopeia's guidelines. Finally, the greenness profile of the proposed methods was assessed and compared with the reported method using the analytical eco-scale system, national environmental method index (NEMI), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and analytical greenness (AGREE) metric. The results from the proposed methods statistically agreed with those obtained by the reported one, with no significant differences in accuracy and precision.

DEVELOPMENT OF CONDITIONS FOR ANALYTICAL DIAGNOSIS OF POISONING WITH CLOPIDOGREL.

Introduction. Clopidogrel bisulfate (Clopidogrel) is one of the main drugs for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases (acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, peripheral artery disease, etc.). Especially, this drug is very relevant in the treatment of COVID-19. Clopidogrel has repeatedly been the cause of lethal poisoning, and cases of clopidogrel being used for suicide are very common in China. According to the studied literature data, the analysis of this drug in the biological material is not presented. Objective: The aim of the research was to establish the distinctive ability of conventional methods of isolating medicinal substances from biological material in relation to clopidogrel in chemical and toxicological analysis (CTA). Material and methods. The study was carried out with model samples of pig liver that had not undergone putrefactive changes, which contained the studied drug. Detection and quantification of clopidogrel in extracts were carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and UV spectrophotometry. Results. The isolation efficiency of clopidogrel according to the method of A.A. Vasilyeva was 57.75±5.08%, according to the method of V.P. Kramarenko – 64.23±5.44%. When using the isolation method of A.A. Vasilyeva, the detection limit of clopidogrel was 1.04%, according to the method of V.P. Kramarenko – 1.09%. The limit of quantitative determination of clopidogrel according to the method of A.A. Vasilyeva is 3.31%, according to the method of V.P. Kramarenko – 3.34%, respectively. Conclusion. For analytical diagnostics in case of clopidogrel poisoning, TLC screening and UV spectrophotometric determination must be carried out with preliminary TLC purification. Isolation of clopidogrel with water acidified with ethyl alcohol (the Stas-Otto method) does not work. The effectiveness of isolating the drug by the method of V.P. Kramarenko is 64.23±5.44%. The greatest selectivity of the UV spectrophotometric method for determining clopidogrel in biological material in relation to matrix components was provided by the method of isolation with water acidified with sulfuric acid (V.P. Kramarenko's method). (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Введение. Клопидогрела бисульфат (клопидогрел) является одним из основных лекарственных препаратов для лечения различных сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (острый коронарный синдром, ишемический инсульт, транзиторная ишемическая атака, заболевания переферических артерий и др.). Данный препарат особенно актуален при лечении СОVID-19. Неоднократно клопидогрел был причиной летальных отравлений, например, в Китае очень часто встречаются случаи использования клопидо- грела в целях самоубийства. Анализа данного препарата в биологическом материале по литературным данным не представлено. Целью исследований явилось установление отличительной способности клопидогрела, общепринятой в химико-токсико- логическом анализе методов изолирования лекарственных веществ из биологического материала. Материал и методы. Исследование проводили с модельными пробами свиной печени, не претерпевшей гнилостных изме- нений, которые содержали исследуемый препарат. Обнаружение и количественное определение клопидогрела в экстрактах проводили с помощью тонкослойной хроматографии (ТСХ) и УФ-спектрофотометрии. Результаты. Эффективность изолирования клопидогрела по методу А.А. Васильевой составила 57,75±5,08%, по методу В.П. Крамаренко – 64,23±5,44%. При использовании метода изолирования А.А. Васильевой предел обнаружения клопидогрела составлял 1,04%, по методу В.П. Крамаренко – 1,09%. Предел количественного определения клопидогрела по методу А.А. Васильевой – 3,31%, по методу В.П. Крамаренко – 3,34%. Заключение. Для проведения аналитической диагностики при отравлении клопидогрелом ТСХ-скрининг и УФ-спектрофотометрическое определение необходимо проводить с предварительной ТСХ-очисткой. Изолирование клопидо- грела водой, подкисленной этиловым спиртом (метод Стаса–Отто), не происходит. Наибольшую селективность УФ-спектрофотометрического метода определения клопидогрела в биологическом материале по отношению к матричным компонентам обеспечивал метод изолирования водой, подкисленной серной кислотой (метод В.П. Крамаренко). Эффективность изолирования препарата по методу В.П. Крамаренко составляет 64,23±5,44%. (Russian) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Farmatsiya (Pharmacy) is the property of Russian Physician Public House Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Antioxidant Capacity of Herzegovinian Wildflowers Evaluated by UV-VIS and Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis.

Considering the vast cultural and traditional heritage of the use of aromatic herbs and wildflowers for the treatment of light medical conditions in the Balkans, a comparison of the antioxidant capacity of wildflowers extracts from Herzegovina was studied using both cyclic voltammetry and spectrophotometry. The cyclic voltammograms taken in the potential range between 0 V and 800 mV and scan rate of 100 mV s-1 were used for the quantification of the electrochemical properties of polyphenols present in four aqueous plant extracts. Antioxidant capacity expressed as mmoL of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried weight of the sample (mmoL GAE g-1 dw) was deduced from the area below the major anodic peaks (Q400 pH 6.0, Q500 pH 4.7, Q600 pH 3.6). The results of electrochemical measurements suggest that the major contributors of antioxidant properties of examined plants are polyphenolic compounds that contain ortho-dihydroxy-phenol or gallate groups. Using Ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis spectrophotometric methods (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation-scavenging activity (ABTS) additionally determined antioxidant capacity. The FRAP results ranged from 2.9702-9.9418 mmoL Fe/g dw, while the results for ABTS assays expressed as Trolox equivalents (TE) ranged from 14.1842-42.6217 mmoL TE/g dw. The Folin-Ciocalteu procedure was applied to determine the total phenolics content (TP). The TP content expressed as Gallic acid equivalents (GAE) ranged from 6.0343-9.472 mmoL GAE/g dw. The measurements of total flavonoid (TF) and total condensed tannin (TT) contents were also performed to obtain a broader polyphenolic profile of tested plant materials. Origanum vulgare L. scored the highest on each test, with the exception of TT content, followed by the Mentha × piperita L., Artemisia annua L., and Artemisia absinthium L., respectively. The highest TT content, expressed as mg of (-)catechin equivalents per gram of dried weight of sample (mg CE/g dw), was achieved with A. absinthium extract (119.230 mg CE/g dw) followed by O. vulgare (90.384 mg CE/g dw), A. annua (86.538 mg CE/g dw) and M. piperita (69.231 mg CE/g dw), respectively. In addition, a very good correlation between electrochemical and spectroscopic methods was achieved.

Green Synthesize and Characterization of Copper Nanoparticles Using Iranian Propolis Extracts

The propolis produced by bees is used by them to protect their hives. The cavity inside the hive’s walls is filled in during cold days to reduce entry points and mummify any intruders to ensure their survival. A current focus in nanotechnology and nanoscience is the green biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using biomaterials. Research on green methods for making metal oxide NPs is gaining momentum to safeguard the environment from the potential dangers associated with toxic chemicals. This study aimed to synthesize copper NPs (CuNPs) via propolis extraction, a novel application of nanoscience. The study was conducted under a range of pH, time conditions, and concentration ratios, and its properties were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectra, XRD, and FTIR. An FTIR analysis revealed that compounds found in propolis extract could have an effect on the surface modification of the synthesized NPs. The propolis (Khalkhal) extract spectrum exhibited a sharp peak at 3422 cm−1, caused by free hydroxyl groups and their intra/intermolecular hydrogen bonds. There were sharp peaks at 2925, 1637, and 1515 to 1076 cm−1 associated with the C = O and C = C aromatic stretching frequencies. According to UV-Vis spectrophotometry investigation, CuO NPs exhibit a characteristic peak at 385 nm, showing significant surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with propolis (Khalkhal) extract. Furthermore, specific wavelengths of CuO NPs demonstrate peaks at 243, 292, and 350 nm for propolis (Gilan) extract. The green synthesis of CuNPs from Gilan and Khalkhal propolis can be an appropriate candidate for clinical applications such as drug delivery systems, drug formulation, and biomedical applications.

DETERMINATION OF AURINTRICARBOXYLIC ACID (A VIRAL INHIBITOR) USING MIXED MICELLAR CLOUD POINT EXTRACTION PROCEDURES

Objective: Development of micelle mediated cloud point extraction (CPE) and preconcentration of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATCA) (a viral inhibitor). Methods: The method is based on the ion-pair formation between ATCA and a cationic surfactant tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), which is extracted into the Triton X-114 (TX-114, a non-ionic surfactant) at a pH 4.4. The effect of different important parameters like pH, the concentration of surfactants (TX-114 and TBAB), salt, temperature, and time for the extraction of ATCA was optimized. Results: Extraction efficiency of 90.28 % for CPE of ATCA was obtained using mixed micelles of TX-114 and TBAB. The linear range and limits of detection for ATCA was found to be 8.44-84.47 µg ml-1 and 8.14 ng ml-1, respectively. Conclusion: The suggested CPE method has been applied to the determination of ATCA in aqueous solutions.

α-Cyclodextrin functionalized silver nanoparticles as colorimetric sensor for micro extraction and trace level detection of chlorpyrifos pesticide in fruits and vegetables

We report a novel UV-Vis spectrophotometry combined with micro Soxhlet extraction method for the detection of CPS pesticide in fruits and vegetables based on alpha-cyclodextrin capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs/α-CD). Recently, CPS pesticide has been used as a disinfectant in post-harvesting agriculture to prevent or inhibition of recent outbreaks (COVID-19) with pathogens contamination resulting in an increased concentration of pesticides in the environment. Therefore, we developed an AgNPs/α-CD as a chemical sensor for the detection of CPS loaded on agricultural products. The sensing mechanism for the detection of CPS pesticide is based on the change in color of the AgNPs/α-CD from yellow to red followed by the redshift of the LSPR absorption band (410/570nm) in the UV-Vis region after the addition of the analyte into the NPs solution. The changes of color and LSPR band shifting of AgNPs are observed only in CPS pesticides due to the H-bonding and non-covalent interactions of oxygen moieties with AgNPs/α-CD. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in the region of 4.0 and 13.0 ngmL-1 have been achieved for CPS pesticide using AgNPs/α-CD, respectively. These data establish the potential for this sensor for the use CPS pesticide analysis at trace levels.